Hartman contrasts visions of whiteness championed by John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson and their political parties.

“The contest over whiteness—its definition, its internal hierarchies, its proper boundaries, and its rightful claimants—has been critical to American culture throughout the nation’s history, and it has been a fairly untidy affair.” —Matthew Frye Jacobson

Bell spends the bulk of his essay showing, naming, and defending CRT.